Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Diseases in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients Managed with an Antifungal Diagnostic Driven Approach.

Patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients (HCT) are at high risk for invasive fungal disease (IFD). The practice of antifungal prophylaxis with mold-active azoles has been challenged recently because of drug-drug interactions with novel targeted therapies. This is a retrospective, single-center cohort study of consecutive cases of proven or probable IFD, diagnosed between 2009 and 2019, in adult hematologic patients and HCT recipients managed with fluconazole prophylaxis and an antifungal diagnostic-driven approach for mold infection. During the study period, 94 cases of IFD occurred among 664 hematologic patients and 316 HCT recipients. The frequency among patients with allogeneic HCT, autologous HCT, acute leukemia and other hematologic malignancies was 8.9%, 1.6%, 17.3%, and 6.4%, respectively. Aspergillosis was the leading IFD (53.2%), followed by fusariosis (18.1%), candidiasis (10.6%), and cryptococcosis (8.5%). The overall 6-week mortality rate was 37.2%, and varied according to the host and the etiology of IFD, from 28% in aspergillosis to 52.9% in fusariosis. Although IFD occurred frequently in our cohort of patients managed with an antifungal diagnostic driven approach, mortality rates were comparable to other studies. In the face of challenges posed by the use of anti-mold prophylaxis, this strategy remains a reasonable alternative.

Nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae: impact of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production on clinical outcome in a hospital with high ESBL prevalence.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections (BSI) is high in Brazilian hospitals, however little is known regarding what role, if any, resistance plays in the expected outcome in hospitals with a high prevalence of these pathogens. METHODS: From 1996 to 2001, hospital acquired K. pneumoniae BSI were evaluated retrospectively. Each patient was included only once at the time of BSI. ESBL producing strains were identified using the E-test method. The association of variables with the mortality related to bacteremia was included in a stepwise logistic regression model. RESULTS: One hundred and eight hospital acquired K. pneumoniae BSI met criteria for inclusion. Fifty two percent were due to ESBL producing strains. The overall in-hospital mortality was 40.8%. Variables independently predicting death by multivariate analysis were the following: mechanical ventilation (p = 0.001), number of comorbidities (p = 0.003), antimicrobials prescribed before bacteremia (p = 0.01) and fatal underlying disease (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Bacteremia due to ESBL producing K. pneumoniae strains was not an independent predictor for death in patients with BSI. An increased mortality in hospital-acquired BSI by K. pneumoniae was related to the requirement for mechanical ventilation, more than two comorbidities, the previous use of two or more antibiotics, and the presence of a rapidly fatal disease.

Bloodstream infections with metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa: epidemiology, microbiology, and clinical outcomes.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains that produce metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are becoming increasingly prevalent. We evaluated the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of monomicrobial bloodstream infections caused by MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates, as well as the clinical outcomes in patients with these infections.

Profilaxia antimicrobiana em cirurgia do aparelho digestivo: uma proposta de adequação / Antibiotic prophylaxis in gastroenterologic surgery: a proposal of adjustment

A profilaxia antimicrobiana é uma das medidas de controle da infecção da ferida cirúrgica. Mesmo com os princípios básicos hoje bem estabelecidos, cerca de 40 por cento das indicações habituais de profilaxia são inadequadas e um dos erros mais comuns está relacionado à duração, em geral superior a 48 horas. Ajustes na profilaxia, além de favorecer sua eficácia na prevenção da infecção cirúrgica, provavelmente contribuiriam para reduzir a pressão seletiva sobre a emergência de bactérias resistentes e custos hospitalares. A simples instituição de uma rotina de antibiótico-profilaxia não garante a adesão dos cirurgiões para adequação do uso de antimicrobianos. No presente estudo, uma intervenção foi realizada na Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Cirúrgica da Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, com a implantação de uma rotina de profilaxia, com a supervisão direta de um infectologista. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a adequação do uso do antibiótico profilático e seu efeito sobre a infecção cirúrgica pós-operatória. Foi considerada adequada a profilaxia com duração menor ou igual a 24 horas. Dos 318 procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados nos períodos pré e pós-intervenção, em 67,9 por cento foi usado um antibiótico profilático. A intervenção reduziu o uso inadequado de antibiótico de 46,3 por cento para 20,4 por cento (X²= 15,59; p<0,05). Infecção do sítio cirúrgico ocorreu em 35,8 por cento dos procedimentos, não se observando modificação deste índice com a adequação da antibiótico-profilaxia. A participação do infectologista é importante na difícil tarefa de racionalizar o uso dos antimicrobianos em nível hospitalar